Emotion Regulation and Attrition in Parent–Child Interaction Therapy. (abstract)
Lieneman, C. C., Girard, E. I., Quetsch, L. B., & McNeil, C. B. (2020).
The impact of incentives on treatment adherence and attrition: A randomized controlled trial of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy with a primarily Latinx, low-income population. (abstract)
Quetsch, L. B., Girard, E. I., & McNeil, C. B. (2020).
An Evaluation of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy With and Without Motivational Enhancement to Reduce Attrition (abstract)
Webb, H. J., Thomas, R., McGregor, L., Avdagic, E., & Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J. (2017)
An Evaluation of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy With and Without Motivational Enhancement to Reduce Attrition (abstract)Outcomes of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy in an urban community clinic: A comparison of treatment completers and dropouts (abstract)
Danko, C.M., Garbecz, L.L., & Budd, K.S. (2016)
Outcomes of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy in an urban community clinic: A comparison of treatment completers and dropouts (abstract)
Danko, C.M., Garbecz, L.L., & Budd, K.S. (2016)
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy in a Community Setting: Explaining Outcomes, Attrition, and Treatment Setting (abstract)
Lanier, P., Kohl, P. L., Benz, J., Swinger, D., Moussette, P., & Drake, B. (2011)
A motivational intervention can improve retention in PCIT for low-motivation child welfare clients(abstract)
Chaffin M., Valle L. A., Funderburk B., Gurwitch R., Silovsky J., Bard D., McCoy C., Kees M. (2009)
Predicting treatment and follow-up attrition in Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (abstract)
Fernandez, M. A., & Eyberg, S. M. (2009)
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: An Examination of Cost Effectiveness (abstract)
Goldfine, M. E., Wagner, S. M., Branstetter, S. A., & McNeil, C. B. (2008)
Predicting outcome in Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: Success and attrition (abstract)
Werba, B., Eyberg, S.M., Boggs, S.R., & Algina, J. (2006)
Keeping families in once they’ve come through the door: Attrition in Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (abstract)
Fernandez, M.A., & Eyberg, S.M. (2005)
Longitudinal Studies
An immediate and long-term study of a temperament and Parent-Child Interaction Therapy based community program for preschoolers with behavior problems (abstract)
Pade, H., Taube, D. O., Aalborg, A. E., & Reiser, P. J. (2006)
Outcomes of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: Mothers' reports of maintenance three to six years after treatment (abstract)
Hood, K. K., & Eyberg, S. M. (2003)
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy with behavior problem children: One and two year maintenance of treatment effects in the family (abstract)
Eyberg, S. M., Funderburk, B. W., Hembree-Kigin, T. L., McNeil, C. B., Querido, J. G., & Hood, K. K. (2001)
General Outcome Studies
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy from the Parents' Perspective. (abstract)
Woodfield, M. J., & Cartwright, C. (2020).
Improving large‐scale implementations by applying research and data analysis: A case study on First 5 LA's implementation of PCIT in Los Angeles County (abstract)
Bahng, G., Taborga, M., Bae, C., & Jimenez, A. (2018).
A mixed-methods study of system-level sustainability of evidence-based practices in 12 large-scale implementation initiatives. (abstract)
Scudder, A. T., Taber-Thomas, S. M., Schaffner, K., Pemberton, J. R., Hunter, L., & Herschell, A. D. (2017).
Effectiveness of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) in the treatment of young children's behavior problems. A randomized controlled study (abstract)
Bjorseth, A., & Wichstrom, L. (2016)
Building an evidence-base for the training of evidence-based treatments in community settings: Use of an expert-informed approach (abstract)
Scudder, A., & Herschell, A. D. (2015)
Filling potholes on the implementation highway: Evaluating the implementation of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy in Los Angeles county (abstract)
Timmer, S. G., Urquiza, A. J., Boys, D. K., Forte, L. A., Quick-Abdullah, D., Chan, S., & Gould, W. (2015)
Predictors and correlates of homework completion and treatment outcomes in Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (abstract)
Danko, C. M., Brown, T., Van Schoick, L., & Budd, K. S. (2015)
State-wide dissemination and implementation of Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT): Application of theory (abstract)
Beveridge, R. M., Fowles, T. R., Masse, J. J., McGoron, L., Smith, M. A., Parrish, B. P., Circo, G., & Widdoes, N. (2015)
Effectiveness of community dissemination of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (abstract)
Pearl, E., Thieken, L., Olafson, E., Boat, B., Connelly, L., Barnes, J. & Putnam, F. (2012)
Utilizing benchmarking to study the effectiveness of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy implemented in a community setting (abstract)
Self-Brown, S., Valente, J. R., Wild, R. C., Whitaker, D. J., Galanter, R., Dorsey, S. & Stanley, J. (2012)
Introduction: Innovative approaches to Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (abstract)
Storch, E. A., & Floyd, E. M. (2005)
Outcomes of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: A comparison of treatment completers and study dropouts one to three years later (abstract)
Boggs, S. R., Eyberg, S. M., Edwards, D. L., Rayfield, A., Jacobs, J., Bagner, D., & Hood, K. K. (2004)
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: New directions in research (abstract)
Herschell, A. D., Calzada, E. J., Eyberg, S. M., & McNeil, C. B. (2002)
Changes in hyperactivity and temperament in behaviourally disturbed preschoolers after Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) (abstract)
Nixon, R. D. V. (2001)
Importance of early intervention for disruptive behavior problems: Comparison of treatment and waitlist-control groups (abstract)
McNeil, C. B., Capage, L. C., Bahl, A., & Blanc, H. (1999)
Efficacy of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: Interim report of a randomized trial with short-term maintenance (abstract)
Schuhmann, E. M., Foote, R. C., Eyberg, S. M., Boggs, S. R., & Algina, J. (1998)
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: A guide for clinicians (abstract)
Foote, R. C., Schuhmann, E. M., Jones, M. L., & Eyberg, S. M. (1998)
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: A psychosocial model for the treatment of young children with conduct problem behavior and their families (abstract)
Eyberg, S.M., Boggs, S., & Algina, J. (1995)
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy with behavior problem children: Relative effectiveness of two stages and overall treatment outcome (abstract)
Eisenstadt, T. H., Eyberg, S., McNeil, C. B., Newcomb, K., & Funderburk, B. (1993)
Assessing therapy outcome with preschool children: Progress and problems (abstract)
Eyberg, S. (1992)
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy with behavior problem children: Generalization of treatment effects to the school setting (abstract)
Funderburk, B., Newcomb, K., McNeil, C. B., Eyberg, S., & Eisenstadt, T. H. (1991)
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: Integration of traditional and behavioral concerns (abstract)
Eyberg, S. (1988)
Parent-Child Interaction Training: Effects on family functioning (abstract)
Eyberg, S.M., & Robinson, E.A. (1982)
Treatment Comparison Studies
Does Parent Training Format Affect Treatment Engagement? A Randomized Study of Families at Social Risk (abstract)
Gross, D., Belcher, H. M. E., Budhathoki, C., Ofonedu, M. E., & Uveges, M. K. (2018).
Cultural adaptation and implementation of evidence-based parent-training: A systematic review and critique of guiding evidence (abstract)
Baumann, A. A., Powell, B. J., Kohl, P. L., Tabak, R. G., Penalba, V., Proctor, E. E., Domenech-Rodriguez, M. M., & Cabassa, L. J. (2015)
Treating child disruptive behavior in high-risk families: A comparative effectiveness trial from a community-based implementation (abstract)
Abrahamse, M. E.; Junger, M., van Wouwe, M. A., Boer, F., & Lindauer, R. J. (2015)
Study protocol for a comparative effectiveness trial of two parent training programs in a fee-for-service mental health clinic: Can we improve mental health services to low-income families? (abstract)
Gross, D. A., Belcher, H. M., Ofonedu, M. E., Breitenstein, S., Frick, K. D., & Chakra, B. (2014)
Parent management training for reducing oppositional and aggressive behavior in preschoolers (abstract)
Pearl, E. S. (2009)
Behavioral outcomes of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy and Triple P-Positive Parenting Program: A review and meta-analysis (abstract)
Thomas, R., & Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J. (2007)
Mindfulness and behavioral parent training: Commentary (abstract)
Eyberg, S. M., & Graham-Pole, J. R. (2005)
Attrition Studies Articles
Emotion Regulation and Attrition in Parent–Child Interaction Therapy.
Lieneman, C. C., Girard, E. I., Quetsch, L. B., & McNeil, C. B. (2020). Emotion Regulation and Attrition in Parent–Child Interaction Therapy. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 29(4), 978–996.
Abstract: Objectives: As evidence of the importance of emotion regulation (ER) continues to mount, little is known about how families dealing with child behavior problems can better develop this important ability. We explored the relations among a caregiver training program for children with severe problem behavior (Parent–Child Interaction Therapy; PCIT), child ER, caregiver ER, parenting stress, and attrition. This study was part of a larger investigation evaluating the impact of incentives on treatment outcomes. Methods: Measures of caregiver and child ER, child behavior problems, and parenting stress were completed by caregivers referred for PCIT from a predominantly low-income community sample of 66 caregiver–child dyads. Caregiver–child interactions were coded for caregiver verbalizations during three play situations. ANCOVA, t-test, and correlational analyses were conducted to examine changes in ER across treatment and compare those who completed treatment with those who dropped out of treatment early. Results: Caregiver ER and child ER lability/negativity improved significantly across both phases of PCIT. Child adaptive ER improved significantly from pre- to post-treatment and during the second phase of treatment for those children in the non-incentives group only. Baseline levels of child and caregiver ER were not significant predictors of attrition. Conclusions: Findings are discussed with respect to the importance of both caregiver and child ER in the provision of PCIT and other behavioral parent training programs.
Keywords: Disruptive behavior; Emotion regulation; Parent–Child Interaction Therapy; Parenting stress; PCIT.
Article: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7127&context=etd
The impact of incentives on treatment adherence and attrition: A randomized controlled trial of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy with a primarily Latinx, low-income population.
Quetsch, L. B., Girard, E. I., & McNeil, C. B. (2020). The impact of incentives on treatment adherence and attrition: A randomized controlled trial of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy with a primarily Latinx, low-income population. Children & Youth Services Review, 112, N.PAG. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104886
Abstract: • Attrition and homework nonadherence are common issues in parent training programs. • Families eceived either PCIT with or PCIT without incentives for treatment adherence. • Families who received incentives no-showed their therapy appointments less often. • Incentives were largely ineffective for other measures of attendance and adherence. Advancements in the implementation of evidence-based family therapies have yielded successful reductions in child disruptive behavior. Unfortunately, effective interventions such as Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) are plagued with high rates of attrition and low rates of homework completion in community clinics. To evaluate the use of low-cost incentives on attendance and homework adherence in PCIT in a community mental health center. Families referred for PCIT (N = 84; 63.1% Latinx) were randomly assigned to receive PCIT as usual or PCIT plus incentives. Families were able to earn incentives for attendance, homework completion, and therapeutic skill mastery. Attrition rates (59.5%) were reflective of other community-based intervention studies, with a significant reduction in no-show rates for families receiving incentives. No significant changes were found between groups on attainment of therapeutic skill mastery or number of sessions prior to termination. Families completed homework at low rates with no differences between groups. Low-cost incentives largely did not impact meaningful outcomes for attendance in parent training, although no-shows were less likely. These findings suggest that adherence is a complex phenomenon requiring multi-faceted solutions.
Keywords: Attrition; Homework; Incentives; Latinx; Parent-Child Interaction Therapy; Treatment barriers.
Article: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740919312460
An Evaluation of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy With and Without Motivational Enhancement to Reduce Attrition
Webb, H. J., Thomas, R., McGregor, L., Avdagic, E., & Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J. (2017). An Evaluation of Parent–Child Interaction Therapy With and Without Motivational Enhancement to Reduce Attrition. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 1-14.
Abstract: Although many interventions for child externalizing behavior report promising outcomes for
families, high attrition prior to program completion remains a problem. Many programs report dropout rates of 50% or higher. In this trial we sought to reduce attrition and improve outcomes by augmenting a well-known evidence-based intervention, Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), with a 3-session individual motivational enhancement component. Participants were 192 Australian caregivers (91.7% female; Mage = 34.4 years) and their children (33.3% female; Mage = 4.4 years). Families (51% referred from child welfare or health services for risk of maltreatment) were assigned to PCIT or a supported waitlist, with families assigned to PCIT receiving either standard PCIT (S/PCIT) or motivation-enhanced PCIT (M/PCIT), depending on their time of entry to the study. Waitlist families received phone calls every week for 12 weeks.
Parents in M/PCIT reported more readiness to change their behavior from preassessment to after the motivation sessions. Also, parents who reported high, rather than low, motivation at preassessment did have a lower attrition rate, and there was some evidence that enhancing motivation was protective of premature attrition to the extent that caregivers achieved a high degree of change in motivation. Yet comparison of attrition rates and survival analyses revealed no difference between M/PCIT and S/PCIT in retention rate. Finally, there were greater reductions in externalizing and internalizing child behavior problems and parental stress among families in S/PCIT and M/PCIT compared with waitlist, and there was generally no significant difference between the two treatment conditions.
Keywords: PCIT; attrition studies; international & cultural research; motivational enhancement; externalizing behaviors; internalizing behaviors; MPCIT
Article: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15374416.2016.1247357
Outcomes of Parent–Child Interaction Therapy in an urban community clinic: A comparison of treatment completers and dropouts
Danko, C.M., Garbecz, L.L., & Budd, K.S. (2016). Outcomes of Parent–Child Interaction Therapy in an urban community clinic: A comparison of treatment completers and dropouts. Children and Youth Service Review, 60, 42-51https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.11.007
Abstract: This study examined outcomes of Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) for 52 clinically referred children with oppositional behavior and their parents treated in an urban, community mental health clinic serving demographically (i.e., income level, ethnicity) diverse families. Standardized observations of parent–child interactions and parent reported measures of child behavior were collected at pre- and post-treatment. We addressed two primary research questions: (1) What are pre-treatment predictors of treatment completion? (2) What are treatment outcomes both for families who successfully completed PCIT and for treatment dropouts? Multiple logistic regression results showed a significantly greater likelihood of treatment completion related to higher parent education, male child gender, and two parent households. Among families who completed treatment, pre–post data demonstrated significant parent change in observed skill use and improvement in parent reported disruptive behaviors with medium to large effect sizes. Findings also documented early treatment benefits for families who completed the first phase of PCIT but dropped out in the final phase prior to meeting full graduation criteria. We discuss the findings and implications for community-based applications of PCIT in the context of community mental health's mission to provide effective treatment and maximize community access to services.
Keywords: Behavior problemsParent–child relationsCommunity mental healthTreatment outcomePreschool children
Article: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0190740915300967?via%3Dihub
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy in a Community Setting: Explaining Outcomes, Attrition, and Treatment Setting
Lanier, P., Kohl, P. L., Benz, J., Swinger, D., Moussette, P., & Drake, B. (2011). Parent–child interaction therapy in a community setting: Examining outcomes, attrition, and treatment setting. Research On Social Work Practice, 21(6), 689-698.https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731511406551
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) deployed in a community setting comparing in-home with the standard office-based intervention. Child behavior, parent stress, parent functioning, and attrition were examined. Using a quasi-experimental design, standardized measures at three time points were collected from parent-child dyads (n=120) with thirty-seven families completing treatment. Growth modeling analyses indicate significant improvements in child and parent outcomes in both treatment settings with more rapid improvements in parent outcomes within office-based treatment. Attrition was predicted by income and parent functioning. PCIT delivered in the community can produce measurable improvements. In-home PCIT is a feasible option but future research should consider benefits and costs. Treatment completion remains a challenge.
Keywords: PCIT; attrition studies; child welfare; children; community intervention; evidence-based practice; intervention; quantitative; home-based interventions
Article: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1049731511406551
A motivational intervention can improve retention in PCIT for low-motivation child welfare clients
Chaffin M, Valle LA, Funderburk B, Gurwitch R, Silovsky J, Bard D, McCoy C, Kees M. (2009). A motivational intervention can improve retention in PCIT for low-motivation child welfare clients. Child Maltreat, 14(4):356-68.https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559509332263
Abstract: A motivational orientation intervention designed to improve parenting program retention was field tested versus standard orientation across two parenting programs, Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) and a standard didactic parent training group. Both interventions were implemented within a frontline child welfare parenting center by center staff. Participants had an average of six prior child welfare referrals, primarily for neglect. A double-randomized design was used to test main and interaction effects. The motivational intervention improved retention only when combined with PCIT (cumulative survival = 85% vs. around 61% for the three other design cells). Benefits were robust across demographic characteristics and participation barriers but were concentrated among participants whose initial level of motivation was low to moderate. There were negative effects for participants with relatively high initial motivation. The findings suggest that using a motivational intervention combined with PCIT can improve retention when used selectively with relatively low to moderately motivated child welfare clients.
Keywords: Drop-out; Retention; Parenting; PCIT; Child Abuse; Child Neglect.
Article: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19258303/
Predicting Treatment and Follow-Up Attrition in Parent-Child Interaction Therapy
Fernandez, M. A., & Eyberg, S. M. (2009) Predicting treatment and follow-up attrition in parent-child interaction therapy. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 431-441
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-008-9281-1
Abstract: Predictors of attrition from individual parent-child interaction therapy were examined for 99 families of preschoolers with disruptive behavior disorders. Seventy-one percent of treatment dropouts were identified by lower SES, more maternal negative talk, and less maternal total praise at pretreatment. Following PCIT, families were randomly assigned to an Assessment-Only or Maintenance Treatment condition. Higher maternal distress predicted 63% of dropouts in the Assessment-Only condition. Lower maternal intellectual functioning predicted 83% of dropouts from Maintenance Treatment. Findings highlight a continuing need for evidence-based retention strategies at various phases of engagement in PCIT.
Keywords: PCIT; attrition studies; low-income; child; disruptive behavior disorders; dropout; evidence-based treatment; follow-up; prediction; treatment
Article: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10802-008-9281-1
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: An Examination of Cost Effectiveness
Goldfine, M. E., Wagner, S. M., Branstetter, S. A., & McNeil, C. B. (2008). Parent-child interaction therapy: An examination of cost-effectiveness. Journal of Early and Intensive Behavior Intervention, 5(1), 119-141.
Abstract: An empirically supported treatment for children with disruptive behavior disorders, Parent-Child
Interaction Therapy (PCIT), has received increased interest from policymakers and mental health administrators regarding its cost-effectiveness (i.e., ratio of treatment costs to behavior gains). This paper examines the projected costs and treatment outcomes associated with implementing and completing PCIT and demonstrates favorable cost-effectiveness ratios. For example, startup costs of PCIT, including equipment and training, were estimated at approximately $14,000 and the average cost of providing PCIT from intake to termination was estimated at approximately $1,000 per client. Benefits include clinically significant improvements on multiple measures of disruptive behavior and strong maintenance data, suggesting the PCIT is an effective and financially viable form of treatment for child disruptive behavior disorders.
Keywords: PCIT; attrition studies; cost-effectiveness; disruptive behavior disorders
Article: https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/2014-52728-011.html
Predicting Outcome in Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: Success and Attrition
Werba, B., Eyberg, S.M., Boggs, S.R., & Algina, J. (2006). Predicting Outcome in Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: Success and Attrition. Behavior Modification, 30, 618-646. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445504272977
Abstract: This study explored predictors of treatment response and attrition in Parent-Child Interaction
Therapy (PCIT). Participants were 99 families of 3- to 6-year-old children with disruptive behavior disorders. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify those pretreatment child, family, and accessibility factors that were predictive of success or attrition. For all study participants, waitlist group assignment and maternal age were the significant predictors of outcome. For treatment participants (study participants excluding those who dropped out after the initial evaluation but before treatment began), only maternal ratings of parenting stress and maternal inappropriate behavior during parent-child interactions were significant predictors of treatment outcome. These results suggest that for treatment studies of disruptive preschoolers, the benefits of using a waitlist control group may be outweighed by the disproportionate number of dropouts from this group. Once families begin PCIT, however, parent-related variables become salient in predicting treatment outcome
Keywords: PCIT; attrition studies; treatment outcome; responsiveness; success; attrition; dropout; parent training; preschool; child; family; disruptive behavior
Article: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16894233/
Keeping Families In Once They've Come Through the Door: Attrition in Parent-Child Interaction Therapy
Fernandez, M. A., & Eyberg, S. M. (2005). Keeping families in once they've come through the door: Attrition in Parent-Child Interaction Therapy. Journal of Early and Intensive Behavior Intervention, 2(3), 207-212.https://doi.org/10.1037/h0100314
Abstract: We review existing studies of attrition in Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), an empirically supported treatment for preschool-aged children with disruptive behavior disorders. Variables identified as pretreatment predictors of attrition in a statistically derived search for pretreatment predictors included maternal distress, negative maternal verbal behaviors during parent-child interaction, and therapist verbal behaviors during initial parent-therapist interactions. The most frequently reported reasons provided by mothers for premature termination of treatment were logistical problems such as difficulty finding transportation or sibling child care. Continued study of variables related to attrition in PCIT is essential to retention of a greater number of families in treatment.
Keywords: Attrition, Dropout, Parent-Child Interaction Therapy
Article: https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/2014-52008-008.html
Longitudinal Studies Articles
An immediate and long-term study of a temperament and Parent-Child Interaction Therapy based community program for preschoolers with behavior problems
Pade, H., Taube, D. O., Aalborg, A. E., & Reiser, P. J. (2006). An immediate and long-term study of a temperament and Parent-Child Interaction Therapy based community program for preschoolers with behavior problems. Family Behavior Problem, 28, 1-28.https://doi.org/10.1300/J019v28n03_01
Abstract: The immediate and long-term effects of a Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) derived program offered at a Kaiser Permanente facility were evaluated. There were 73 participants in the initial sample and 23 in the 5-6 year follow-up sample. Child behaviors improved significantly immediately following treatment and some improvements were maintained at follow-up. Over 75% of the follow-up participants utilized additional therapy services following completion. Thus, sustained improvements may have been related to posttreatment services. Parent appraisals of their child's behaviors appeared to be as important as actual child behaviors when behavioral improvements were assessed. The benefits of this modified PCIT program are discussed.
Keywords: PCIT; Follow Up Studies; Longitudinal Research; Preschoolers and Behavior Problems; Temperament and Behavior; Modified PCIT.
Article: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J019v28n03_01
Outcomes of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: Mothers' reports of maintenance three to six years after treatment
Hood, K. K., & Eyberg, S. M. (2003). Outcomes of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: Mothers' reports of maintenance three to six years after treatment. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 419-29.https://doi.org/10.1207/S15374424JCCP3203_10
Abstract: Examined the long-term maintenance of changes following parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) for young children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and associated behavior disorders. Three to 6 years after treatment, 29 of 50 treatment completers were located for this study. The mothers of 23 children between the ages of 6 and 12 participated in telephone and mail follow-up assessments. Results indicated that the significant changes that mothers reported in their children's behavior and their own locus of control at the end of treatment were maintained at long-term follow-up. Child behavior reported at the posttreatment assessment and length of time since treatment were strong predictors of long-term outcome. Mothers' reports of disruptive behavior decreased with time since treatment. The results of this study support the long-term effectiveness of PCIT.
Keywords: PCIT; Follow-up Studies; Longitudinal Research; Parental Factors; Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders; Oppositional Defiant Disorders.
Article: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/S15374424JCCP3203_10
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy with behavior problem children: One and two year maintenance of treatment effects in the family
Eyberg, S. M., Funderburk, B. W., Hembree-Kigin, T. L., McNeil, C. B., Querido, J. G., & Hood, K. K. (2001). Parent-Child Interaction Therapy with behavior problem children: One and two year maintenance of treatment effects in the family. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 23, 1-19.https://doi.org/10.1300/J019v23n04_01
Abstract: Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) is an empirically supported treatment for conduct-disordered young children in which parents learn the skills of child-directed interaction (CDI) in the first phase of treatment and parent-directed interaction (PDI) in the second. This study examined the long-term treatment outcome for 13 families who had participated in a treatment study examining the effects of treatment phase sequence one and two years earlier. Seven families were in the CDI-First treatment group and six families were in the PDI-First group. Immediately after treatment, 11 or 13 families had achieved clinically significant changes on both observational and parent report measures, and there is no significant difference between treatment groups. Treatment effects were maintained at one-year follow-up for eight of the 13 families, and at two-year follow-up for nine families, with no long-term impact of phase sequence evident at either at either follow-up assessment. This study represents the first long-term follow-up of families treated with PCIT. Results suggest that this treatment may be successful in achieving long-term gains for most families of conduct-disordered preschoolers and that phase sequence has little impact on treatment outcome.
Keywords: PCIT; Longitudinal Studies; Parent-Child Interaction Therapy; Clinical Disorders; Psychosocial Treatment; Treatment Outcome; Preschooler; Oppositional Defiant Disorder; Maintenance; Long-Term Follow-Up; Child Behavior Problems; Family.
Article: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J019v23n04_01
General Outcomes Studies Articles
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy from the Parents' Perspective.
Woodfield, M. J., & Cartwright, C. (2020). Parent-Child Interaction Therapy from the Parents’ Perspective. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 29(3), 632–647.
Abstract: Objectives: Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) is an evidence-based parent training programme, distinctive in its live coaching of parents with children via an ear-piece and one-way mirror. Yet few studies have explored the acceptability of PCIT to parents—and those which do exist have typically relied upon quantitative methods such as inventories or rating scales. The current study aimed to gain in-depth insight into parents' experiences, and perspectives of PCIT utilising a qualitative methodology. Methods: Sixteen parents who had participated in PCIT in a community setting in New Zealand took part in semi-structured face-to-face interviews. Thematic analysis of verbatim transcripts led to the emergence of several themes. Results: Despite early scepticism, self-consciousness, and initial discomfort with the use of particular strategies (e.g., time out), parents described an effective treatment that facilitated a progression from feelings of inadequacy to confidence, and despair to optimism. Child-led play, an essential component of PCIT, was viewed as surprisingly effective by parents. Parenting skills which initially felt awkward and un-natural, became more intuitive and instinctive through repeated rehearsal and coaching support. Parents also consistently described the influential role of the coach in facilitating change—particularly in improving parent emotion regulation abilities. Conclusions: This detailed account of the parent experience of progression through PCIT enhances existing knowledge of factors related to parent engagement with, and attrition from the programme. It also highlights the multidimensional role of the therapist coach in supporting parent emotion regulation abilities—an area which warrants further empirical research.
Keywords: Acceptability; Coaching; Parent training; Parent-Child Interaction Therapy; Qualitative.
Improving large‐scale implementations by applying research and data analysis: A case study on First 5 LA's implementation of PCIT in Los Angeles County
Bahng, G., Taborga, M., Bae, C., & Jimenez, A. (2018). Improving large‐scale implementations by applying research and data analysis: A case study on First 5 LA’s implementation of PCIT in Los Angeles County. Journal of Public Affairs (14723891), 18(4), N.PAG.https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.1712
Abstract: This paper presents the case of First 5 LA's 5‐year countywide implementation of the Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) program. Enthusiasts of PCIT point to it as a high‐quality parenting program with the potential to positively influence child behavior, reduce recidivism into the child welfare system, and increase caregiver's confidence and self‐esteem. In September 2012, First 5 LA, an independent County agency in Los Angeles that advocates on behalf of parents with young children, began a $20 million countywide implementation of PCIT. The collaborative effort between First 5 LA, the Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health, the Los Angeles County Department of Children and Family Services, and the University of California, Davis demonstrates the role that research and data analysis can play in improving large‐scale implementations. The authors of this paper were contracted to conduct an evaluation of the implementation of the countywide PCIT program, and preliminary outcomes were analyzed after the first round of data collection in early 2015. This paper will discuss this case and provide examples of how research and data analysis were used effectively to make key improvements to the design and implementation of the program. The paper will then discuss bureaucratic challenges and constraints with the collaborative use of research and data. The paper will conclude with some recommendations on how research and data can effectively be used to influence policy implementation in large‐scale implementations involving collaboration among multiple organizations.
Keywords: Parent-child interaction therapy; Parent-child relationships; Child psychology; Child welfare; Acquisition of data
Article: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pa.1712
A mixed-methods study of system-level sustainability of evidence-based practices in 12 large-scale implementation initiatives.
Scudder, A. T., Taber-Thomas, S. M., Schaffner, K., Pemberton, J. R., Hunter, L., & Herschell, A. D. (2017). A mixed-methods study of system-level sustainability of evidence-based practices in 12 large-scale implementation initiatives. Health Research Policy & Systems, 15, 1–13. https://doi-org.rsulibproxy.rsu.edu/10.1186/s12961-017-0230-8
Abstract: Background: In recent decades, evidence-based practices (EBPs) have been broadly promoted in community behavioural health systems in the United States of America, yet reported EBP penetration rates remain low. Determining how to systematically sustain EBPs in complex, multi-level service systems has important implications for public health. This study examined factors impacting the sustainability of parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) in large-scale initiatives in order to identify potential predictors of sustainment. Methods: A mixed-methods approach to data collection was used. Qualitative interviews and quantitative surveys examining sustainability processes and outcomes were completed by participants from 12 large-scale initiatives. Results: Sustainment strategies fell into nine categories, including infrastructure, training, marketing, integration and building partnerships. Strategies involving integration of PCIT into existing practices and quality monitoring predicted sustainment, while financing also emerged as a key factor. Conclusions: The reported factors and strategies impacting sustainability varied across initiatives; however, integration into existing practices, monitoring quality and financing appear central to high levels of sustainability of PCIT in community-based systems. More detailed examination of the progression of specific activities related to these strategies may aide in identifying priorities to include in strategic planning of future large-scale initiatives.
Keywords: Sustainability, Sustainment, Evidence-based practice, Large-scale training, Implementation, Parent-child interaction therapy, Mixed methods
Article: https://health-policy-systems.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12961-017-0230-8
Effectiveness of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) in the treatment of young children's behavior problems. A randomized controlled study
Bjorseth, A., & Wichstrom, L. (2016). Effectiveness of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) in the treatment of young children's behavior problems. A randomized controlled study. PluS ONE, 11.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159845
Abstract: Objective: The aim of the present investigation was to compare the effectiveness of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) with treatment as usual (TAU) in young children who were referred to regular child and adolescent mental health clinics for behavior problems.
Method: Eighty-one Norwegian families with two- to seven-year-old children (52 boys) who had scored 120 on the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) were randomly assigned to receive either PCIT or TAU. The families were assessed 6 and 18 months after beginning treatment. Parenting skills were measured using the Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System (DPICS), and child behavior problems were measured using the ECBI and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL).
Results: Linear growth curve analyses revealed that the behavior problems of children receiving PCIT improved more compared with children receiving TAU according to mother reports (ECBI d = .64, CBCL d = .61, both p < .05) but not according to father report. Parents also improved with regard to Do and Don’t skills (d = 2.58, d = 1.46, respectively, both p .001). At the 6-month assessment, which often occurred before treatment was finished, children who had received PCIT had lower father-rated ECBI and mother-rated CBCL-scores (p = .06) compared with those who had received TAU. At the 18-month follow-up, the children who had received PCIT showed fewer behavior problems compared with TAU according to mother (d = .37) and father (d = .56) reports on the ECBI and mother reports on the CBCL regarding externalizing problems (d = .39). Parents receiving PCIT developed more favorable Do Skills (6-month d = 1.81; 18-month d = 1.91) and Don’t Skills (6-month d = 1.46; 18-month d = 1.42) according to observer ratings on the DPICS compared with those receiving TAU.
Conclusion: Children receiving PCIT in regular clinical practice exhibited a greater reduction in behavior problems compared with children receiving TAU, and their parents' parenting skills improved to a greater degree compared with those receiving TAU
Keywords: PCIT; International & Cultural Research.
Article: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27622458/
Building an evidence-base for the training of evidence-based treatments in community settings: Use of an expert-informed approach
Scudder, A., & Herschell, A. D. (2015). Building an evidence-base for the training of evidence-based treatments in community settings: Use of an expert-informed approach. Children and Youth Services Review, 55, 84-92.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.05.003
Abstract: In order to make EBTs available to a large number of children and families, developers and expert therapists have used their experience and expertise to train community-based therapists in EBTs. Understanding current training practices of treatment experts may be one method for establishing best practices for training community-based therapists prior to comprehensive empirical examinations of training practices. A qualitative study was conducted using surveys and phone interviews to identify the specific procedures used by treatment experts to train and implement an evidence-based treatment in community settings. Twenty-three doctoral-level, clinical psychologists were identified to participate because of their expertise in conducting and training Parent-Child Interaction Therapy. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were completed by phone, later transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using thematic coding. The de-identified data were coded by two independent qualitative data researchers and then compared for consistency of interpretation. The themes that emerged following the final coding were used to construct a training protocol to be empirically tested. The goal of this paper is to not only understand the current state of training practices for training therapists in a particular EBT, Parent-Child Interaction Therapy, but to illustrate the use of expert opinion as the best available evidence in preparation for empirical evaluation.
Keywords: PCIT; Therapist Factors; Evidence-Based Treatment; Training Practices; Implementation Science; Qualitative Research Methods; Expert Opinion.
Article: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26504259/
Filling potholes on the implementation highway: Evaluating the implementation of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy in Los Angeles county
Timmer, S. G., Urquiza, A. J., Boys, D. K., Forte, L. A., Quick-Abdullah, D., Chan, S., & Gould, W. (2015). Filling potholes on the implementation highway: Evaluating the implementation of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy in Los Angeles county. Child Abuse & Neglect, 53, 40-50.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.11.011
Abstract: In October 2012, first 5 LA funded a unique collaboration between Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health (DMH) and UC Davis PCIT Training Center (UCD PCIT) to train county-contracted agencies to provide Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT). This $20 million dollar, 5-year grant represented the largest implementation effort of an empirically based treatment to date. The purpose of this paper was to describe the first 2 years of the implementation process of this project, beginning with project start up and pre-implementation phases, and to present agency training and client performance outcomes from our first year of training. Results presented in this evaluation suggest that it is possible to train LA County providers in PCIT, and that PCIT is an effective intervention for DMH-contracted providers in LA County. This evaluation also discusses challenges to successful implementation. Barriers to progress included unanticipated delays building county infrastructure, trainee attrition, and insufficient client referrals. We discuss the results of the current implementation with respect to theory, research, and others' training models, with the aim of evaluating and prioritizing different implementation drivers, noting the ongoing competition between knowing what to do and the need for action.
Keywords: PCIT; General Outcome Studies; Evidence-Based Interventions; Implementation Outcomes; Facilitators and Barriers to Implementation.
Article: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26704299/
Predictors and correlates of homework completion and treatment outcomes in Parent-Child Interaction Therapy
Danko, C. M., Brown, T., Van Schoick, L., & Budd, K. S. (2015). Predictors and correlates of homework completion and treatment outcomes in Parent-Child Interaction Therapy. Child Youth Care Forum, 45, 467-485.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-015-9339-5
Abstract: Background: Behavioral parent training has been demonstrated to be an effective treatment for child behavior problems; however, lack of parent engagement can limit the effectiveness of treatment. Understanding more about predictors and correlates of a specific measure of parent engagement—homework completion—in parent training can help to improve treatment effectiveness and treatment outcomes.
Objective: We examined predictors of homework completion, as well as the relationship between homework completion, treatment correlates, and treatment outcomes in an open trial of parent–child interaction therapy (PCIT), a behavioral parent training program.
Methods: Participants included 53 families (mean child age = 4.40 years, SD = 1.43)who received PCIT in a community mental health center serving demographically (i.e., SES, ethnicity) diverse families.
Results: Homework completion varied significantly between mothers and fathers but did not vary with other demographic family characteristics. Parents who completed treatment showed a somewhat greater likelihood of completing homework throughout treatment and a significantly greater likelihood of completing homework during the first phase of treatment. Additionally, parents who completed more homework were more likely to report higher levels of treatment satisfaction and showed a trend toward completing treatment in fewer sessions.
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that homework has some benefits for treatment outcomes. Despite the benefits of homework, rates of adherence to homework were variable and below optimal levels. Study findings have implications for further understanding the role of homework in behavioral parent training programs.
Keywords: PCIT; Parental Factors; Engagement; Homework; Preschool Children; Behavior Problems; Parent Training.
Article: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10566-015-9339-5
State-wide dissemination and implementation of Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT): Application of theory
Beveridge, R. M., Fowles, T. R., Masse, J. J., McGoron, L., Smith, M. A., Parrish, B. P., Circo, G., & Widdoes, N. (2015). State-wide dissemination and implementation of Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT): Application of theory. Children and Youth Services Review, 48, 38-48.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.11.013
Abstract: Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) is an effective evidence-based psychotherapy for reducing behavioral problems in young children. However, few attempts to disseminate and implement this treatment have utilized dissemination and implementation theory to describe successful system of care implementation. This paper depicts the recursive planning, training and implementation, and evaluation phases of a state-wide effort to implement PCIT, and provides descriptive data to highlight key features of the initiative. Outcomes suggest the importance of collaboration in identifying community needs, matching needs to an intervention, ongoing clinician training and consultation, and persistent evaluation throughout the dissemination process. The initiative is discussed within the context of exploring important considerations in the complex process of Evidence-Based Psychotherapy implementation.
Keywords: PCIT; General Outcome Studies; Dissemination; Implementation; System of Care; Clinician Training.
Article: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0190740914004125?via%3Dihub
Effectiveness of community dissemination of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy
Pearl, E., Thieken, L., Olafson, E., Boat, B., Connelly, L., Barnes, J. & Putnam, F. (2012). Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 4, 204-213. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022948
Abstract: The Trauma Treatment Training Center (TTTC) at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital examined the implementation and effectiveness of Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) in community agencies working with high-risk families through an awarded grant from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. The current study summarizes posttreatment data collected from community clinicians trained by the TTTC. Results include 53 posttreatment outcomes from 23 clinicians in 15 agencies in the United States. Significant improvement was seen on several measures regarding child behavior, child trauma symptoms, child dissociative characteristics, and caregiver stress. Community clinicians trained in PCIT during a five-day workshop did get effective results with even their first PCIT cases.
Keywords: PCIT; General Outcome Studies; Community; Dissemination; High-Risk; Clinical Disorders – Dissociation.
Article: https://doi.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fa0022948
Utilizing benchmarking to study the effectiveness of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy implemented in a community setting
Self-Brown, S., Valente, J. R., Wild, R. C., Whitaker, D. J., Galanter, R., Dorsey, S. & Stanley, J. (2012). Utilizing benchmarking to study the effectiveness of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy implemented in a community setting. Journal of Children and Family Studies, 21, 1041-1049.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-012-9566-4
Abstract: Benchmarking is a program evaluation approach that can be used to study whether the outcomes of parents/ children who participate in an evidence-based program in the community approximate the outcomes found in randomized trials. This paper presents a case illustration using benchmarking methodology to examine a community implementation of Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (CI-PCIT) utilized as a child maltreatment prevention effort. Data were collected from 83 parent–child dyads. Change scores were compared to treatment and control effect sizes aggregated from the PCIT literature. Pre-post results indicated significant positive changes in child behavior for CI-PCIT completers. Benchmarking analyses revealed that parents who completed CI-PCIT reported significantly greater positive child outcomes than the aggregate control group benchmark, and significantly less than observed in the treatment benchmark. A summary of decision points and implications for utilizing this methodology in the child maltreatment field are postulated.
Keywords: PCIT; General Outcome Studies; Benchmarking; Child Maltreatment
Implementation
Article: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10826-012-9566-4
Introduction: Innovative approaches to Parent-Child Interaction Therapy
Storch, E. A., & Floyd, E. M. (2005). Introduction: Innovative approaches to Parent-Child Interaction Therapy. Education and Treatment of Children, 28, 106-110.
Abstract: Disruptive behavior problems in children represent a serious, highly prevalent, and costly public health problem (Klein & Mannuzza, 1991). Early intervention is critical to prevent negative developmental trajectories and outcomes. To date, research efforts have yielded a number of efficacious treatments for childhood disruptive behavior. One such intervention is Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT; Eyberg & Boggs, 1998). Based on Baumrind's construction of authoritative parenting and emphasizing both attachment and social learning theory principles (cf. Foote, Eyberg, & Schuhmann, 1998), PCIT focuses on changing ineffective parent-child interaction patterns.
Keywords: PCIT; Review Articles; Model Adaptation Studies (GANA).
Article: https://www.jstor.org/stable/42899835?seq=1
Outcomes of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: A comparison of treatment completers and study dropouts one to three years later
Boggs, S. R., Eyberg, S. M., Edwards, D. L., Rayfield, A., Jacobs, J., Bagner, D., & Hood, K. K. (2004). Outcomes of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: A comparison of treatment completers and study dropouts one to three years later. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 26, 1-22.https://doi.org/10.1300/J019v26n04_01
Abstract: Using a quasi-experimental design, this study examined longitudinal outcomes for families previously enrolled in a study of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), a treatment program for young children with disruptive behavior disorders. Comparisons were made between 23 families who completed treatment and 23 families who dropped interview, and several parent-report measures. Length of follow-up for both groups ranged from 10 to 30 months after the initial assessment, with the average length of follow-up just under 20 months. Results indicated consistently better long-term outcomes for those who completed treatment than for study dropouts. These results highlight the need to identify salient predictors of treatment engagement and retention to maximize outcomes for young children.
Keywords: PCIT; Follow-up Studies; Longitudinal Research; Treatment Outcome; Follow-Up; Maintenance; Attrition; Dropout; Disruptive Behavior.
Article: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J019v26n04_01
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: New directions in research
Herschell, A. D., Calzada, E. J., Eyberg, S. M., & McNeil, C. B. (2002). Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: New directions in research. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 9, 9-16.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1077-7229(02)80034-7
Abstract: Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) is a short-term, evidence-based parent training program for families with 2- to 6-year-old children experiencing behavioral, emotional, or family problems. Based on both attachment theory and social learning theory, PCIT research has provided evidence of efficacy, generalization, and maintenance. The new directions in PCIT research are highlighted in this article.
Keywords: PCIT, Review Articles
Article: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1077722902800347?via%3Dihub
Changes in hyperactivity and temperament in behaviourally disturbed preschoolers after Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT)
Nixon, R. D. V. (2001). Changes in hyperactivity and temperament in behaviourally disturbed preschoolers after Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT). Behaviour Change, 18, 168-176.https://doi.org/10.1375/bech.18.3.168
Abstract: Changes in hyperactivity and temperament in preschool-aged children who underwent a behavioural management program with their mothers were examined. Families of 34 behaviourally disturbed preschool-aged children (aged 3/5) were randomly allocated to either parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT; Eyberg, 1988) or a waiting-list control group (WL). A group of 21 nondisturbed preschoolers were recruited as a social validation comparison condition (SV). Diagnostic status was assessed using a structured clinical interview for DSM-IV disruptive behaviour disorders, with measures of behaviour and temperament obtained via parent report. At posttreatment, PCIT preschoolers were reported by their mothers to have reduced hyperactivity and more flexible temperament, and were less likely to meet criteria for ADHD than the WL group. By 6-month follow-up, children who had received PCIT were comparable to the SV group on ratings of oppositional behaviour and hyperactivity. The finding that a behavioural intervention may influence stable child characteristics is discussed.
Keywords: PCIT; Clinical Disorders; Externalizing or Disruptive Behaviors; Attention Deficit Disorder; Behavior; Disturbed; Preschool; Children; Mothers; Family; Hyperactivity.
Importance of early intervention for disruptive behavior problems: Comparison of treatment and waitlist-control groups
McNeil, C. B., Capage, L. C., Bahl, A., & Blanc, H. (1999). Importance of early intervention for disruptive behavior problems: Comparison of treatment and waitlist-control groups. Early Education & Development, 10, 445-454.https://doi.org/10.1207/s15566935eed1004_2
Abstract: The stability of young children’s behavior problems and the effectiveness of an early intervention approach known as Parent-Child Interaction Therapy are examined. Participants were 32 families with young children (ages 2.5 to 8.6 years) who were referred for treatment of disruptive behavior. The families were divided into two groups: the waitlist-control and treatment groups. Dependent measures were administered at both Assessment 1 (the time of referral) and
Assessment 2 (the end of treatment for the treatment group; immediately prior to treatment for the waitlist-control group). No significant differences were found between the waitlist-control and treatment groups at Assessment 1 on the dependent variables, the Child Behavior Checklist, Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory, and Parenting Stress Index. However, the behavior of the treatment group improved over the course of approximately 3 months of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy, while the behavior of the waitlist-control group continued to be problematic at the end of a similar time period. Results are discussed with regard to the stability of young children’s behavior problems and the importance of early intervention.
Keywords: PCIT; General Outcome Studies.
Article: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15566935eed1004_2
Efficacy of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: Interim report of a randomized trial with short-term maintenance
Schuhmann, E. M., Foote, R. C., Eyberg, S. M., Boggs, S. R., & Algina, J. (1998). Efficacy of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: Interim report of a randomized trial with short-term maintenance. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 34-45.https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp2701_4
Abstract: Describes interim results of a study examining the effectiveness of parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) with families of preschool-age children with oppositional defiant disorder. Following an initial assessment, 64 clinic-referred families were randomly assigned to an immediate treatment (i.t.) or a wait-list control (WL) condition. Results indicated that parents in the IT condition interacted more positively with their child and were more successful in gaining their child's compliance than parents in the WL condition. In addition, parents who received treatment reported decreased parenting stress and a more internal locus of control. Parents in the IT group reported statistically and clinically significant improvements in their child's behavior following PCIT. All families who received treatment reported high levels of satisfaction with both the content and process of PCIT. Preliminary 4-month follow-up data showed that parents maintained gains on all self-report measures.
Keywords: PCIT; Clinical Disorder; Oppositional Defiant Disorder; Follow-up Studies; Longitudinal Research.
Article: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15374424jccp2701_4
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: A guide for clinicians
Foote, R. C., Schuhmann, E. M., Jones, M. L., & Eyberg, S. M. (1998). Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: A guide for clinicians. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 3, 361-373.https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104598033003
Abstract: This article focuses on Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), a treatment program for young children with conduct problem behavior and their families. In Part One, PCIT is presented as an interactional approach to parent training and discussed in the context of other behavioral parent training programs. In Part Two, PCIT is described and empirical support for the program's effectiveness is presented. Given the importance of adapting programs to meet the needs of individual families and demonstrating treatment efficacy, Part Three is devoted to the presentation of strategies for modifying PCIT and measuring treatment outcome.
Keywords: PCIT; General Outcome Studies; Child; Conduct Disorder; Oppositional; Parent-Child Interaction; Parent Training; Preschool.
Article: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1359104598033003
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: A psychosocial model for the treatment of young children with conduct problem behavior and their families
Eyberg, S.M., Boggs, S., & Algina, J. (1995). Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: A psychosocial model for the treatment of young children with conduct problem behavior and their families. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 31, 83-91.
Abstract: This article describes a treatment project designed to examine the effectiveness and generalization of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) with families of preschool-aged children with conduct problem behavior. The importance of early intervention and issues related to measurement of change in these young children and their families are discussed. The treatment program and the study design are described, with particular emphasis on the measures used to assess treatment outcome. The sensitivity of the measures to change is illustrated with data from the first few families who have completed treatment.
Keywords: PCIT; General Outcome Studies; Clinical Disorders; Externalizing Disorders; Parent-Child Interaction; Preschool; Child; Family; Oppositional; Behavior Problem; Conduct Disorder; Treatment Outcome.
Article: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7675994/
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy with behavior problem children: Relative effectiveness of two stages and overall treatment outcome
Eisenstadt, T. H., Eyberg, S., McNeil, C. B., Newcomb, K., & Funderburk, B. (1993). Parent-Child Interaction Therapy with behavior problem children: Relative effectiveness of two stages and overall treatment outcome. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 22, 42-51. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp2201_4
Abstract: Evaluated the effectiveness of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) for 24 mother-child dyads. Families received 14 weekly sessions of PCIT, with half receiving Child-Directed Interaction training first (CDI-First group) and half receiving Parent-Directed Interaction training first (PDI-First group). At midtreatment, the PDI training stage was more effective than the CDI stage for reducing noncompliance and disruptiveness. The groups were also compared at posttreatment to examine the impact of stage sequence. The PDI-First group was more improved on parent report of conduct problems, and mothers were more satisfied with therapy. The two groups were combined to examine overall treatment outcome. Families moved from outside normal limits to within normal limits on compliance, conduct problems, activity level, and maternal stress, and showed improvement in internalizing problems and child self-esteem. Gains were maintained at 6-week follow-up.
Keywords: PCIT; General Outcome Studies.
Article: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1207/s15374424jccp2201_4?needAccess=true
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy with behavior problem children: Assessing therapy outcome with preschool children: Progress and problems
Eyberg, S. (1992). Assessing therapy outcome with preschool children: Progress and problems. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 21, 306-311. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp2103_10
Abstract: Reviewed the progress and problems with therapy outcome research involving preschool children. Relatively few studies have specifically address psychotherapy outcome with preschool-age children. Many existing studies have methodological flaws that make interpretation difficult. This article addresses the need for preschool outcome studies, describes to major treatment approaches studied, reviews the progress that has been made, and identifies sources of confusion in the literature. Suggestions for future research include the development of outcome measures that reflect the goals of both behavioral and traditional therapies with preschool children.
Keywords: PCIT; Assessment of Behaviors and Treatment; Review Articles; Therapy Outcome; Preschoolers; Below age of 7; Parent Management Training.
Article: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15374424jccp2103_10
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy with behavior problem children: Generalization of treatment effects to the school setting
Funderburk, B., Newcomb, K., McNeil, C. B., Eyberg, S., & Eisenstadt, T. H. (1991). Parent-Child Interaction Therapy with behavior problem children: Generalization of treatment effects to the school setting. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 20, 140-151. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp2002_5
Abstract: Evaluated generalization of treatment effects from home to school setting in ten 2- to 7-year-old children who were referred for treatment of severe conduct problem behavior occurring both at home and in the classroom interventions were conducted. The treatment group displayed significantly greater improvements than two control groups on all measures of conduct problem behavior in the classroom. Results in the areas of hyperactivity/distractibility and social behavior were less supportive of generalization. Positive school generalization results contradict previous findings that children's behavior in the classroom either shows minimal improvement or worsens following parent training.
Keywords: PCIT; Clinical Disorders; Conduct Disorder; 2-7; Severe Conduct Problem Behavior; Classroom; Positive School Generalization.
Article: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15374424jccp2002_5
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: Integration of traditional and behavioral concerns
Eyberg, S. (1988). Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: Integration of traditional and behavioral concerns. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 10, 33-46.https://doi.org/10.1300/J019v10n01_04
Abstract: This paper describes Parent-Child Interaction Therapy, a behavioral family therapy approach for the psychological treatment of preschool children and their parents. This approach emphasizes the integration of traditional child play therapy techniques within a behavioral framework of parent-child therapy. Implications for the treatment of a broad range of childhood problems are discussed.
Keywords: PCIT; General Outcome Studies.
Article: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J019v10n01_04
Parent-Child Interaction Training: Effects on family functioning
Eyberg, S.M., & Robinson, E.A. (1982). Parent-Child Interaction Training: Effects on family functioning. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 11, 130-137.https://doi.org/10.1080/15374418209533076
Abstract: Parent-child interaction training was designed for the treatment of disturbed preschool children and their families. This paper describes the treatment and its effects on seven referred children, their untreated siblings, and the psychological functioning of their parents using multiple process and outcome measures. High rates of attendance, home practice, cooperation, and satisfaction with treatment; significant pre- to post-treatment changes in child and sibling behaviors; and improvement in parental adjustment were found. Results suggest that one can alter parent-child interaction during a brief intervention so that the family members are better able to interrelate and to deal effectively with problems.
Keywords: PCIT; Siblings; Parents; Treatment; General Outcome Studies.
Treatment Comparison Studies Articles
Does Parent Training Format Affect Treatment Engagement? A Randomized Study of Families at Social Risk
Gross, D., Belcher, H. M. E., Budhathoki, C., Ofonedu, M. E., & Uveges, M. K. (2018). Does Parent Training Format Affect Treatment Engagement? A Randomized Study of Families at Social Risk. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 27(5), 1579–1593. 10.1007/s10826-017-0984-1
Abstract: We examined whether parent engagement in parent training (PT) differed based on PT format (parent group-based with video versus mastery-based individual coaching with child) in an economically disadvantaged sample of families seeking behavioral treatment for their preschool children in an urban mental health clinic. Parents (= 159; 76.1% mothers, 69.8% African American, 73% low-income) were randomized to one of two interventions, Chicago Parent Program (parent group + video; CPP) or Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (individualized mastery-based coaching; PCIT). Parent engagement indicators compared were PT attendance and completion rates, participation quality, and parent satisfaction. Risk factors predictive of PT attrition (parent depression, psychosocial adversity, child behavior problem severity, length of wait time to start PT) were also compared to determine whether they were more likely to affect engagement in one PT format versus the other. No significant differences were found in PT attendance or completion rates by format. Clinicians rated parents’ engagement higher in PCIT than in CPP while satisfaction with PT was rated higher by parents in CPP compared to PCIT. Never attending PT was associated with more psychosocial adversity and externalizing behavior problems for CPP and with higher baseline depression for PCIT. Parents with more psychosocial adversities and higher baseline depression were less likely to complete PCIT. None of the risk factors differentiated CPP completers from non-completers. Delay to treatment start was longer for PCIT than CPP. Strengths and limitations of each PT format are discussed as they relate to the needs and realities of families living in urban poverty.
Keywords: Parent training; Treatment engagement; Socioeconomic disadvantage; Parent-Child Interaction Therapy; Chicago Parent Program; psychosocial adversity.
Article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5918300/
Cultural adaptation and implementation of evidence-based parent-training: A systematic review and critique of guiding evidence
Baumann, A. A., Powell, B. J., Kohl, P. L., Tabak, R. G., Penalba, V., Proctor, E. E., Domenech-Rodriguez, M. M., & Cabassa, L. J. (2015). Cultural adaptation and implementation of evidence-based parent-training: A systematic review and critique of guiding evidence. Children and Youth Services Review, 53, 113-120.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.03.025
Abstract: With advances in knowledge regarding efficacious evidence-based interventions, there have been significant attempts to culturally adapt, implement, and disseminate parent training interventions broadly, especially across ethnic and cultural groups. We sought to examine the extent to which researchers and developers of evidence-based parent training programs have used cultural adaptation models, tested implementation strategies, and evaluated implementation outcomes when integrating the interventions into routine care by conducting a systematic review of the literature for four evidence-based parent training interventions: Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), The Incredible Years (IY), Parent Management Training-Oregon Model (PMTO™), and the Positive Parenting Program (Triple P). A total of 610 articles across the four programs were identified. Of those, only eight documented a rigorous cultural adaptation process, and only two sought to test the effectiveness of implementation strategies by using rigorous research designs. Our findings suggest that there is much work to be done to move parent-training intervention research towards a more rigorous examination of cultural adaptation and implementation practices.
Keywords: PCIT; International & Cultural Research; Parent Training Programs; Implementation Research; Cultural Adaptation; Evidence-Based Practice.
Article: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25960585/
Treating child disruptive behavior in high-risk families: A comparative effectiveness trial from a community-based implementation
Abrahamse, M. E.; Junger, M., van Wouwe, M. A., Boer, F., & Lindauer, R. J. (2015). Treating child disruptive behavior in high-risk families: A comparative effectiveness trial from a community-based implementation. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 1605-1622.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0322-4
Abstract: Parent management training programs have proven the most effective way to treat child behavior problems. This study reports on an effectiveness trial of a community-based implementation of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) in comparison with the Dutch-developed Family Creative Therapy (FCT). Forty-five children (58 % boys) aged between 32 and 102 months (M = 67.7, SD = 15.9) were referred for treatment, and they and their parent(s) were randomly assigned to PCIT or FCT. Treatment effectiveness was measured primarily by the degree of improvement on child behavior problems, using the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory. Secondary outcomes included parent and teacher report data and independent observations of parenting skills and child behavior. During the trial, randomization was violated by treatment crossovers (from FCT to PCIT). Intention-to-treat analyzes revealed no significant differences in the primary outcome at 6-month follow-up, but interpretation was hampered by the crossovers. Subsequent treatment-received analyzes revealed significant interaction effects between time and treatment condition, with greater improvements in child behavior and parenting skills for PCIT families compared to FCT families. Analyzes on families that fully completed the PCIT protocol also showed higher treatment maintenance at follow-up. The treatment-received analyzes indicated promising results for the effectiveness of PCIT in treating young children's disruptive behavior problems in a high-risk population. However, caution in generalizing the conclusions is needed in view of the design difficulties in this study. Suggestions are made for enhancing treatment delivery in daily practice, and clinical implications are noted.
Keywords: PCIT; Clinical Disorders; Externalizing or Disruptive Disorders; Parent Management Training Program; Community Mental Health.
Article: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27110086/
Study protocol for a comparative effectiveness trial of two parent training programs in a fee-for-service mental health clinic: Can we improve mental health services to low-income families?
Gross, D. A., Belcher, H. M., Ofonedu, M. E., Breitenstein, S., Frick, K. D., & Chakra, B. (2014). Study protocol for a comparative effectiveness trial of two parent training programs in a fee-for-service mental health clinic: Can we improve mental health services to low-income families? Trials, 15.https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-15-70
Abstract: Untreated behavioral and mental health problems beginning in early childhood are costly problems affecting the long-term health and wellbeing of children, their families, and society. Although parent training (PT) programs have been demonstrated to be a cost-effective intervention modality for treating childhood behavior problems, they have been less effective for children from low-income and underserved racial and ethnic populations. The purpose of this randomized trial is to compare the effectiveness, cost, and social validity of two manualized evidence-based PT programs that were developed and tested on different populations and employ different delivery models: (1) The Chicago Parent Program (CPP), a group-based program developed in collaboration with a community advisory board of African-American and Latino parents; and (2) Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), an individualized parent-child coaching model considered to be 'the gold standard' for parents of children with externalizing behavior problems.|This trial uses an experimental design with randomization of parents seeking behavioral treatment for their 2- to 5-year-old children at a mental health clinic in Baltimore, MD (80% African-American or multi-racial; 97% receiving Medicaid). Using block randomization procedures, 262 parents are randomized to CPP or PCIT. Clinicians (n=13) employed in the mental health clinic and trained in CPP or PCIT are also recruited to participate. Primary outcomes of interest are reductions in child behavior problems, improvements in parenting, perceived value of the interventions from the perspective of parents and clinicians, and cost. Parent distress and family social risk are assessed as modifiers of treatment effectiveness. We hypothesize that CPP will be at least as effective as PCIT for reducing child behavior problems and improving parenting but the programs will differ on cost and their social validity as perceived by parents and clinicians.|This is the first study to compare the effectiveness of a PT program originally designed with and for parents from underserved racial and ethnic populations (CPP) against a well-established program considered to be the 'the gold standard' (PCIT) with a high-risk population of parents. Challenges related to conducting a randomized trial in a fee-for-service mental health clinic serving urban, low-income families are discussed.|NCT01517867.
Keywords: PCIT; Low-Income; Child Mental Health; Comparative Effectiveness; Research; Parent Training; Implementation in Fee-for-service; Clinic; Preschool; Behavior Problems; Chicago Parent Program; Cost.
Article: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24581245/
Parent management training for reducing oppositional and aggressive behavior in preschoolers
Pearl, E. S. (2009). Parent management training for reducing oppositional and aggressive behavior in preschoolers. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14, 295-305https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2009.03.007
Abstract: This article provides an overview of parent management training (PMT) for preschool-age children with aggressive and oppositional behaviors. Assessment strategies and basic concepts of PMT are provided. Theoretical underpinnings and research outcomes are highlighted for some variations of PMT programs that
have strong empirical support. These programs include Helping the Noncompliant Child, Parent–Child Interaction Therapy, Incredible Years Training Series, Triple P-Positive Parenting Program, and Oregon EarlyIntervention Foster Care
Keywords: PCIT; Clinical Disorders; Parent Management Training; Child; Behavior Problems; Oppositional Defiant Disorder; Conduct Disorder.
Article: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1359178909000366?via%3Dihub
Behavioral outcomes of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy and Triple P-Positive Parenting Program: A review and meta-analysis
Thomas, R., & Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J. (2007). Behavioral outcomes of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy and Triple P-Positive Parenting Program: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 475-495.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-007-9104-9
Abstract: We conducted a review and meta-analyses of 24 studies to evaluate and compare the outcomes of two widely disseminated parenting interventions-Parent-Child Interaction Therapy and Triple P-Positive Parenting Program. Participants in all studies were caregivers and 3- to 12-year-old children. In general, our analyses revealed positive effects of both interventions, but effects varied depending on intervention length, components, and source of outcome data. Both interventions reduced parent-reported child behavior and parenting problems. The effect sizes for PCIT were large when outcomes of child and parent behaviors were assessed with parent-report, with the exclusion of Abbreviated PCIT, which had moderate effect sizes. All forms of Triple P had moderate to large effects when outcomes were parent-reported child behaviors and parenting, with the exception of Media Triple P, which had small effects. PCIT and an enhanced version of Triple P were associated with improvements in observed child behaviors. These findings provide information about the relative efficacy of two programs that have received substantial funding in the USA and Australia, and findings should assist in making decisions about allocations of funding and dissemination of these parenting interventions in the future.
Keywords: PCIT; Meta-Analyses; Adult; Australia; International & Cultural Research; Behavior Therapy; Child; Child Behavior Disorders; Child, Preschool; Education; Family Therapy; Female; Humans; Male; Parent-Child Relations; Parents; Program Evaluation; Psychotherapy, Group; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Treatment Outcome; United States; Waiting Lists.
Article: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10802-007-9104-9
Mindfulness and behavioral parent training: Commentary
Eyberg, S. M., & Graham-Pole, J. R. (2005). Mindfulness and behavioral parent training: Commentary. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 792-794.
https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp3404_21
Abstract: We review the description of mindfulness-based parent training (MBPT) and the argument that mindfulness practice offers a way to bring behavioral parent training (BPT) in line with current empirical knowledge. The strength of the proposed MBPT model is the attention it draws to process issues in BPT. We suggest, however, that it may not be necessary to posit automatized transactional procedures in the parent-child interaction to justify the need for better delineation of therapist-parent communication in treatment. Empirically established behavioral processes may be used within BPT to accomplish parent-training goals similar to those proposed for mindfulness training. Yet, Dumas (2005) offers refreshing ideas for enhancing the therapeutic alliance and success with the parents of disruptive children.
Keywords: PCIT; Review Articles; Adult; Child; Child Behavior Disorders; Communication; Humans; Models, Psychological; Parent-Child Relations; Parenting.
Article: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15374424jccp3404_21